第十章：介系词

🔖 english
🔖 grammar
Author

Guangyao Zhao

Published

Jun 21, 2022

介系词难点在于缺乏观念性，不能以一套观念来涵盖所有介系词用法。

1 介系词短语

介系词短语为介系词加上一个名词短语构成的单元，在句子中常用作修饰语，修饰名词、动词、形容词和副词等，位置通常在修饰对象后面：

  • Cherries are in season now：名词
  • Eggs are sold by the dozen：动词
  • The box is full of chocolates：形容词
  • He’ll return tomorrow at the latest：副词

2 空间副词

将介系词分为点、线、面、体来讨论。

2.1 点：at

Let’s meet at the railway station：火车站虽然是立体的建筑，但是在这句话中火车站只表示双方约定的碰面地点。

2.2 线：on, along

  • Then we can go over the project on our way to Beijing：去北京的火车路线是线。
  • We may go walking through the windy park, or drive along the bench：沿线前进。

2.3 面：on

Several boats can be seen on the lake：湖泊虽然有立体有深度，可是这里指的是湖面。

2.4 体：in

It’s cool in the railway station because they have air-conditioning there：火车站里面有冷气。

3 时间介系词

At 表示点，in 表示长时间，on 表示特定日期：

  • The earthquake struck at 6:00.
  • Typhoons seldom come in winter.
  • There’ll be a concert on New Year’s Day.

4 介系词的分辨

  • On one’s way and in one’s way.
    • On one’s way to Beijing：出发去某地，线型。
    • You’re in my way：别人挡住了自己的路，已经不是一个线型的空间，而是体的概念。
  • Arrive in and arrive at.
    • We’ll arrive at Beijing in 5 mins, where we’ll refuel before flying on to Hangzhou：Beijing 不可谓不大，但是此处的 Beijing 只是一个中途点，所以仍用 at。
    • The home-coming hero arrived in town and was greeted by the crowd gathered along Main Street：小镇很小，但那是它是英雄进的地方，因而被看做立体空间。
  • Made of and made from.
    • These shoes were made from rubber tires：of 的意思比较直接，接近于中文的「……的」。A chair made of wood 是木头做的椅子，直接可以看到木头材料，关系很直接，可以用 of。如果说 wine made from grapes，那表示关系不那么直接：from 有出自于的意思。
  • Between and among.
    • Hangzhou lies between Beijing and Shanghai：between 有位置标记功能。
    • Among the major cities in Japan, Sapporo is the cleanest：among 没有标记功能。
    • Taibei lies between Taoyuann, Yilan and Jilong：三个地点，却还是要用 between，因为需要位置标记。
  • Throw to and throw at.
    • I forget my eyes. Please throw them to me：to 代表方向。
    • The kids are throwing rocks at the poor dog：at 代表一个点，希望能打中。
  • From to and from through.
    • The circus will be here four months, from May to September：没有讲明日期，可能是五月中到九月中，所以大概是四个月。
    • The circus will be here five months, from May through September：头尾都包括，5,6,7,8,9。
  • Above(below) and over(under).
    • He soars above all other peaks in the Alps：above 只表示高度超过，比较高。
    • The little child couldn’t keep the umbrella over his head and soon got wet：over 有标示定点的功能。小孩不是雨伞举不高，而是拿不稳，无法一直遮在头顶，所以会淋湿。